Before and After Food

I read this in a book, "Learned Jews have given us the several forms of prayer which Adam addressed to God for pardon." What does this mean? Does the Talmud give "forms of prayer" to pray, first prayed by Adam?

Suppose you have a meal, drink, or snack, then you think you’ve had enough to eat to satiety and recite your bracha acharona, and then a few minutes later, you are hungry (or thirsty) once again, do you have to recite a bracha on the next batch of food or drink?

How do we know that the fruits that we identify as grapes, dates, figs, pomegranates, and olives in modern times are the same ones as described in the Torah for the purpose of the bracha acharona?

My cousin is transgender. We are planning on having her at our seder. She was born a boy and became a woman through a series of surgical procedures when she grew up. She now looks and dresses feminine and is hard to distinguish from any other woman. We plan to have exactly two males above 13 at our seder, me and our oldest son. Does Jewish law still consider her male for ritual purposes? Can we include her as a ‘male’ for the third person in a zimmun?

2 people made hamotzi, one said shir hamaalot and wants to make a zimmun, could a third person eat now and answer the mezuman?

My rabbi says the blessing over wine at Kiddush every Shabbat morning. However, he does not drink the wine. Is that proper?

Hello I make myself a juice in the morning and it has a mix of fruits/vegetables. Which blessing do I do before drinking it? (apples, celery, beets, green leaves, carrots etc)

Prayer before drinking water: If I have a water bottle I take with me throughout the day, do I do the blessing once? Or do I do the blessing every time before I drink? Thank you!

There is gluten free bread on the market that looks and tastes just like regular bread and the bracha is shehakol. Is a person who does not require a special gluten free diet permitted to use this bread to dodge washing hands and benching when doing so is inconvenient?