Question
Is there any mention of any geographic locations in the western hemisphere (the Americas) anywhere in any biblical text, the Talmud, or any books that were written as interpretations of the these in later years that are widely studied?

Question
I’m aware that most opinions are that swimming during the nine days is not allowed, unless it is for exercise and is not to cool off and is not enjoyable. Without making this a detailed discussion, I use swimming for exercise, which is important right now as I’m between multiple surgeries (trying to keep physically active and strong), but the truth is that I do enjoy swimming, and it IS something that cools me off, just by the fact that I live in an area with temps over 110 degrees. Am I permitted to swim 1) on Rosh Chodesh Av, and/or 2) during the nine days? Thank you.

Question
The Talmud Yerushalmi Yevamot 16:3 mentions an idea of using one’s facial features, such as their nose, to determine who they are. Are there any poskim who use this sugyah in the Gemara to pasken Halacha Lemaaseh that you can determine one’s status as Jewish or not based on their facial features/nose?

Question
If the first day of the 9 days is Rosh Chodesh, then why is that day observed as a day of mourning? On the contrast, if it is a day of mourning, then why is Hallel still recited?