Scientific Discoveries and Judaism
Question
Dear Rabbi,
I know that as Jews, we do not question what came before Creation and what will come after Mashiach. That being said, how are we supposed to view scientific discoveries, such as dinosaur fossils and carbon dating? I do not believe the world is billions of years old (unless it’s true that every day of Creation could’ve been much more than one day), but how can we explain it?
Thank you!
Answers
The resolution of the apparent contradiction between the “scientific” age of the universe and the Jewish date of 5760 years since Creation has two main standard approaches:
The scientific estimate is true, and the text of Genesis can be reconciled. For example, by saying that the six “days” are not really days, but rather six “time periods.” The Jewish date is true, and the scientific estimate must be explained (away).
Several satisfactory explanations following the first approach can be found in the book “Challenge” and I recommend that you look there. There is a second approach that I will address. It’s definitely possible for G-d to create a world that looks older than it is. Adam was created as an adult. Observing him a few minutes after he was created, you would assume him to be at least twenty years old. The Garden of Eden had full-grown trees laden with fruit. According to the Torah text, these trees were no more than three days old.
Let’s take this idea a step further. A star 10 million light-years from the earth could have been created with its light already reaching the earth. The star would appear 10 million years old, even though it was just created.
Now you’re probably thinking, “But why would G-d do that? Why create bones, artifacts, partially decayed radium, potassium-argon, uranium, red-shifted light from space, etc. – all pointing to an age which is not true?”
Strictly speaking, this isn’t a problem. Not knowing why G-d did something doesn’t prove that He didn’t do it. But I’ll try to answer this anyway.
A purpose of this physical world is to “hide” G-d’s presence. This allows us to exercise free will. In fact, the Hebrew word for “world” – olam – means “hiding.” Evidence which “hides” the age of the universe could be part of G-d’s general “policy” of hiding.
Now you might say: “According to this, we can never rely on our observations. Doesn’t this approach negate all scientific findings?” No. This approach merely questions evidence that contradicts other reliable evidence.
Let me give you an analogy. Suppose George is accused of murder. We find his fingerprints at the scene of the crime, the murder weapon on his premises, and he has a motive. The defense argues that George was framed. Will anyone take that seriously? But suppose that reliable witnesses testify that they saw George 100 miles from the scene at the time of the murder. Suddenly it becomes appropriate to take the “frame-up” defense seriously.
Here too, scientific observations have to be understood in light of the other available evidence – i.e., the Torah. The Jewish People were eyewitness at Sinai who observed the giving of the Torah (hence the term “observant Jews?”). For us the Torah’s account of events is first-hand testimony. Therefore, the idea that scientific observations might be misleading should be taken seriously.
Sources:
Challenge, Carmell and Domb, 1978, Association of Orthodox Jewish
Scientists, pp. 124-41, 164-75. ibid., pp.142-49.
I highly recommend a book by Dr. Gerald Schroeder, called Genesis and the Big Bang. It should be available at any reasonably good bookstore (i.e. not necessarily at a Jewish bookstore). Dr. Schroeder is a highly qualified scientist and an Orthodox Jew. He synthesizes the Biblical and Talmudic tradition with modern science. Another book that I suggest is The Seven Days of Creation by Dr. Natan Aviezer.
Best wishes from the AskTheRabbi.org Team